![]() The episode only indulges in colour through some background elements and the lightsaber hues, which makes The Sith Dark Lord’s presence all the more sinister. The Umbrella Saber from The Duel is a powerful multi-bladed lightsaber, incredibly deadly and matching the black and white pallet of the episode well. It took a while for creativity to come back to Star Wars once The Rise of Skywalker was released, but one of the more creative things came from studio Kamikaze Douga. The Sith Dark Lord’s Umbrella Saber in Star Wars: Visions It’s an incredibly creative approach to the weapon. When someone who isn’t a full-blown Jedi or Sith wields the blade, the saber becomes a dull hard light. Depending on the wielder, the blade is able to change its length and shift its colour. Kara’s lightsaber is incredible, tied to the wielder and their force sensitivity. It’s a bummer this saber didn’t really come back in The Last Jedi. It’s almost as if the saber itself is building up to something special. Its construction is a little wider at the bottom, before getting skinny again and then getting wider at the top. The now Jedi Knight opted for a green blade, the first we’d seen in Star Wars. Image: LucasfilmĪfter losing his father’s saber on Bespin, Luke built himself this one. That historical reveal helps put this saber at number one on the list, but its sleek, simple, iconic look - and, frankly, the fact that it disappears so quickly, helps as well. Then, a trailer for a movie was released, a second blade popped out of Darth Maul’s lightsaber, and the weapon was changed forever. Darth Maul in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menaceįrom 1977 until 1998 we all thought lightsabers were one thing. Obvious spoiler warning for Star Wars stuff.ġ. If you think we’ve forgotten a lightsaber, let us know. So even the “bad” ones here are still pretty great. We’ve also decided to add in the lightsabers from Star Wars: Visions, which brought an incredible new level of creativity to the weapon.Īlso a note: just by being a lightsaber, a lightsaber is inherently amazing. And we decided to rank as many as we could remember. But, in terms of iconic visuals, few things in science fiction at large, let alone Star Wars, are as iconic as the lightsaber.Īnd over the years there have been a lot of lightsabers. Sure, you think of spaceships and the Force and stuff like that too. When you think of Star Wars, you think of lightsabers. BTW - prices are accurate and items in stock at the time of posting. We have affiliate and advertising partnerships, which means we may collect a share of sales or other compensation from the links on this page. At Gizmodo, we independently select and write about stuff we love and think you'll like too.
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If you’re like me you’ll probably overlook the ordinary action and simply revel in meeting old friends again. However, as a gateway drug to the rest of the trilogy, it is essential playing. The cover system is beyond clunky, guns and biotic powers lack punch, enemy AI is awful, and the RPG elements are undercooked. Let’s not sugarcoat it, the gameplay in the original Mass Effect has aged about as nicely as an open bottle of Passion Pop in the sun. Whatever misgivings I have in this remaster are not nearly enough to tarnish my love for the series, a love both renewed and proven true. ![]() For the purposes of this review I will be mostly addressing the technical aspects of each title, rather than addressing the specific story beats, but I will emphatically say that the Mass Effect story, and the brilliant characters that paint it are still wonderful in every sense of the word. Few games have ever made a technically evil playthrough feel so good where you feel like you’re doing it all for the right reasons, and so bad when you realise that the sacrifice might be greater than you were initially willing to make. I was once again the non-compromising intergalactic arsehole who got the mission done at any cost, all while fiercely protecting my loyal crew. Even after well over a decade, I slipped straight back into the persona of my Renegade FemShep like I was pulling on a favourite old shirt. While some of the games’ mechanics and stylings may have aged with slightly less grace, there is a beating heart at the centre of Mass Effect’s universe that still has the power to draw you into it like a Singularity biotic of emotion. As I fired up the remastered Mass Effect Legendary Edition, I was wholly aware that this well-meaning modern remaster was dragging my beloved back into the spotlight almost a decade after its final chapter had concluded, and was also entirely capable of dispelling some of the illusions about the series I had perhaps created out of wistful nostalgia you can put lipstick on an old pig, a really great old pig you genuinely loved with all your heart, but it doesn’t mean the bacon still tastes good. But these games are…old…and as can happen in the gaming world, not everything that’s old and revered turns out to be truly timeless. In credit to BioWare’s storytelling prowess and their ability to weave in both subtle and monumental gameplay decisions that shaped the narrative over three whole games, it’s unlikely that any two peoples’ thoughts, feelings and experiences will be the same either. Ask any fan of the trilogy about their experience with it and they’ll no doubt get that misty look in their eyes, staring into the distance as they recall the epic tale of their ragtag crew of humans and aliens who struggled to save the galaxy against all odds, and perhaps even shed a tear for those who didn’t make it to see the new dawn. Much like BioWare’s other lauded RPG Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic, the original Mass Effect game and the brilliant trilogy that it eventually formed one third of has left an indelible impact in the gaming community. The original Mass Effect came out in 2007, but somehow it seems like the intergalactic space opera has been around a lot longer than that. ![]() The liners are thin, super-absorbent, and feel soft on the skin.Ĭarefree ® Acti-Fresh panty liners have a specially formulated gel designed to protect and neutralize vaginal odors. ![]() You can use Carefree® Acti-Fresh® Regular liners, for example, lock vaginal secretions away and neutralize odors for up to 8 hours. Neutralizing vaginal odor will restore your feminine freshness and help you feel confident throughout the day. Instead, visit a healthcare professional to determine if there is something more serious going on. If you are experiencing vaginal odor that is not pleasant, avoid using over-the-counter feminine products. There are a number of factors that are known to cause vaginal odor. The professional can help determine whether there is an infection, such as a yeast infection, that is causing the odor. If you smell these, you should visit a healthcare professional for a checkup. It is not typically normal for the vagina to produce fishy or unpleasant odors. During the menstrual cycle period, a slightly metallic scent may be produced. Normally, the vagina produces a scent that can be described as “musky” when the body is cleaning up your system. Other odors, however, may indicate a medical issue, such as in infection. The odor produced comes from vaginal secretions and can vary throughout the month. This scent may fluctuate depending with the level of your hormones. When you are on your menstrual cycle, for example, the vagina produces a unique scent. Some odors are a normal side effect of the changes in your body during your period. There are different reasons why your vagina may produce a particular scent. This article will help answer your questions about feminine odor and provide some steps to help control it. Unfortunately, some women may be embarrassed to talk about this topic publicly, even though it is a natural part of life. Feminine odor control is one of the most common concerns women have. Start Where You Are: How Can I Summarize What I Have Learned? Golden ratio - Wikipedia. Holy Family Catholic Regional District #37. The following files demonstrate one way to calculate and graph various quantities related to classical projectile motion. Horizontal Projectile Motion CalculatorIntroduction to Projectile Motion. Horizontal Projectile Motion Calculator - gw. It's the measure of dispersion the most often used, along with the standard deviation, which is simply the square root of the variance. It is an ideal tool for teaching the power of compounding interest, analyzing potential deals or business ventures, or just doing math problems, and sharing the results of your work with others.4.5.3 Calculating the variance and standard deviation. The 10bii Financial Calculator is powerful enough for the professional but accessible enough for everyone. Never has using a financial calculator been so easy or intuitive. Includes standard calculations such as standard deviation, mean, and linear regression forecasting. A dedicated interface makes adding, editing, deleting, and reordering uneven cash flows a breeze.Įnter and analyze statistical data points, and see graphs based upon the values you enter. Now with 12 Easy Modes!Įasily enter and see diagrams for Cash Flows, including rapid calculation of Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return. ![]() Get answers to common financial questions WITHOUT having to know how to use a financial calculator! With the 10bii Financial Calculator's Easy Modes, answer a few simple questions worded in plain language (rather than Financial-ese) and find out just how much you'll save with that refi, how much you'll have at retirement, how long it'll take you to save up for that big purchase and more. With the 10bii Financial Calculator, you can: The 10bii Financial Calculator's keypad has been specially designed to be easy to use and easy to see.īy expanding on HP's traditional presentation, the 10bii Financial Calculator allows quick and intuitive building and visualization of TVM (Time Value of Money) calculations and Uneven Cash Flows, lets you see the stored values of all of your memory registers in one easy view, graphs your statistical series, and lets you type in whole equations for easy review and one-touch evaluation. It allows you to easily calculate loan payments, interest rates, amortization, time value of money, investment value, and more using a combination of powerful and intuitive equation-writing functionality and helpful worksheets. Modeled after the extremely popular HP 10bII Financial Calculator, the 10bii Financial Calculator app combines precise mathematics, intuitive display, and ease-of-use in one compact package. The 10bii Financial Calculator is a versatile and powerful financial calculator which features more than 105 different functions for financial analysis, business, statistics, and general mathematics. Easy Mode allows everyone to get the financial answers you need!įinally a Financial Calculator for everyone! Whether you are a seasoned investor or you just have questions about paying off your credit card, refinancing your home, or planning your 401(k) contributions, the 10bii Financial Calculator has the answers to YOUR financial questions! Saves Recent calculations so you can easily reload them Draws Cashflow Diagrams for simple TVM or complex Uneven Cashflows ![]() Easily enter your Uneven Cashflows in a spreadsheet-like worksheet ![]() Print or Save PDF Amortization Schedules Displays current N, I/YR, PV, PMT and FV values right above buttons wonderful job in integrating visual tools to illustrate financial cash flows. This has become my "go to" app on my iPad. It's downright marvelous! I would recommend it to any financial advisor without reservation." -John L Olsen, CLU, ChFC, AEPĥ Stars: "Awesome Financial Calculator! I use it all the time and love it!" - Tinahart2ĥ Stars: "Great customer service along with the app's ease of use made this purchase a no brainer." - HarborDanĥ Stars: "I am a full-time investor in real estate and notes. ![]() In-App Purchase: 10bii+ Features (Bonds, Breakeven, Depreciation, Trig, Probabilities) available!ĥ Stars: "What is the PV of WOW? I'm sure thrilled with everything about this app! Too bad there isn't room for another star!" - Pokeyĥ Stars: "This tool is excellent. Look no further, you have found the best Financial Calculator app available. ![]() Depending on the rarity, you get the stars. You earn stars upon discovering a new fish. At the end of the tournament, you will get the reward on the basis of rank. Keep participating in this mode to rank up. Once you are done, tap the send score button. Tap the trophy icon -> go to score tab -> there you can check the rankings. Catch the fish and earn as much as you can. Once joined, you will enter the tournament mode the round lasts long for about six minutes. How to participate? On the main screen, on the right side, tap the trophy icon -> choose three crews(make sure to choose the best crews) -> join. In this mode, you compete against other players from all over the world for the top rank(mainly rank 1-13 get the prizes free gems). The tournament is another challenging game mode in the Hooked Inc game. You can also purchase the item box from the store menu in exchange for green gems(not recommended). It will cost you green gems.ĭuplicate items are used in upgrading(Sometimes you get a duplicate item from the boxes). So make sure to upgrade that item to level 1. And the rule is you can only equip level 1 or higher items. How to equip? Tap the upgrade button on the main screen -> head to the items tab -> tap the item -> equip. How to get the box? When playing the game, pay attention to the boxes(from time to time, boxes arrives in the deep water, tap to collect). You can equip up to four items to boost the income or for passive perks. ![]() You place the buoy around the water and it will catch fish for you. We’re talking about the regular buoy, not the event one – there was a Christmas event last year where the buoy was given for free. ![]() You will get Buoy once you have unlocked the crew “The Mechanic”. Read the cheats, tips part below to know all the ways to obtain gems.Īdditionally, in the tournament, you can choose up to three crews. On the main screen of the game, at the bottom, tap the upgrade button -> head to the crew tab -> there you can check out the crew’s abilities. For example Rodrick is a crew who catches the fish when you are away(offline) and he can also increase the Idle fishing rate. Depending on their abilities, you get the benefit. All the crews featured in the game have different abilities. They help you catch the fish + provide buffs. Guide To Crews In Hooked IncĬrews are your assistants. Tap the menu button to head to the store. Tap the upgrade icon to access boat/items/crew upgrades. Tap the book icon to check the complete list of fish rare, epic, and common. At the bottom of the compass menu, you can check the fishing experience, earning bonuses, stars. Tap the compass icon to check the locations move to new areas instantly when you have enough money. Upgrade the boat, items, and crews to progress. But if you have a low-quality boat, items(equipment), low-fishing experience, you will not be able to catch the epic fish in the Hooked Inc game. When the health of the fish reaches 0, you get the fish). All you need to do is swipe on it to deal damage(swiping the fish reduces its health. Epic fish appears from time to time in the ocean but to catch it, you will need to increase the fishing experience. In Hooked Inc, your main objective is completing the collection of fish common, rare, and epic. Getting Started With The Hooked Inc Basicsīefore we dive into the cheats, tips & strategy guide part, let’s learn the basics first. So, let’s get straight to the Hooked Inc cheats and tips: – This article covers “how to play Hooked Inc game”, tips and cheats to progress fast, rare and pic fish, guide to tournament, about stars, fishing experience, and other things such as crews, uprgades, items, and more. In the Hooked Inc game, you will be playing as a Fisherman and you will have plenty of things to do from exploring all the locations, upgrading the boat, collecting items, upgrading gears, unlocking crews to participate in the tournaments. New to the Hooked Inc Fisher Tycoon game? Master all of its concepts with these Hooked Inc cheats available with tips, guides for beginners Hooked Inc cheats, tips, and guide⇓ She also recognizes the two consecutive bomb strategy as one of Gale’s designs. She begins to mull over the bomb that killed her sister and comes to the realization that the bomb was sent in by President Alma Coin to make it look like President Snow was bombing children. Katniss is so disturbed by her sister’s death that she loses her voice for several months. Prim’s last word before she passes away is her sister’s name, “Katniss”. Primrose rushes in along with the other medics from District 13 to help the injured when a second bomb goes off, killing her and severely burning Katniss. ![]() Katniss witnesses her death.Ī hovercraft carrying a parachute drops a bomb on the children who are barricaded in President Snow’s mansion. Prim dies in the Battle of the Capitol during the Second Rebellion. Next time we see each other, we’ll be free. ![]() She makes it in time, however, with the help of Gale and bonds with Katniss while waiting for the bombs to clear.ĭespite being only 14 years old during the Battle of the Capitol, Prim was sent out with the other rebels to the battlefield as a nurse. During the bombing of District 13, Prim almost got locked out of the underground bunkers as she went back to her compartment in search of her cat. Prim lived with her family in Compartment E in District 13. Thus, during the Second Rebellion, Prim played an active role, in healing those who had been injured in the war. She escapes to District 13, where she begins her training as a doctor. Prim (along with Buttercup and her mother) was rescued by Gale Hawthorne during the bombing of District 12. It is also implied that Prim was tortured so that the Jabberjays could mimic her screams in the 75th Hunger Games arena. President Snow threatens Prim’s life when he asks Katniss to convince him and the rest of the world that she was in love with Peeta during the Victory Tour. She and her family move into the Victor’s Village, where they no longer have to struggle for food and survival. Prim is over the moon when Katniss wins the Games and comes back home. While saying goodbye to each other before Katniss was taken to the Capitol, Prim tells Katniss that she does not care if they are rich or not, all she wants is for Katniss to come back safe and sound. However, her sister, Katniss, volunteered in her place, as she knew that Prim would not last long in the competition. Prim was reaped as the female tribute from District 12 for the 74th Hunger Games. Not being old enough to work at the mines yet, Prim attended the school in District 12 and trained with her mother to become a doctor during the Second Rebellion. Prim and her family also had two pets: Buttercup (a mangled old cat that Prim rescued when it was starving and crawling with parasites) and Lady (a bitten and infected goat that Prim and her mother healed back to life). Her father passed away in a mining accident when she was around 7 years old, and ever since then, she has been looked after by her older sister. Her family consists of her sister, Katniss Everdeen, and her mother. However, the events of the trilogy shape her into a mature and confident young girl, unfazed by the most gruesome injuries, as seen in the last novel, Mockingjay. Prim is said to be “scared of her own shadow” before the 74th Hunger Games. Due to her benevolent nature, Prim was unable to learn to hunt like Katniss, breaking down in tears at the sight of wounded animals. She had a passion for healing, which she honed alongside her mother to become a doctor during the Second Rebellion. She was extremely gentle and compassionate towards all living creatures. ![]() Prim was very different from her sister in personality as well. Prim is shown to have hazel eyes in the movies. She looked like a merchant’s daughter and as such, looked very different from everyone else in the Seam, including her sister, Katniss Everdeen. Katniss Everdeen’s younger sister, Prim, is a young 12-year-old girl (in the first book) with fair skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes, much like her mother. Weaknesses: Physically weak, not skilled in any particular weapon.Skills: Gentle personality, talent for healing.Physical appearance: Fair-skinned with blue eyes and blonde hair.Prim is one of Katniss’ main reasons to live, and she provides Katniss with much-need care and comfort during difficult times. Primrose is the person Katniss loves the most in the world, and as such, she is extremely protective of Prim. ![]() It only takes seconds to open a wrapper and apply a Swipe. You also do not have to worry about long-term adverse health effects. You are never going to have to deal with headaches, fatigue, or other unpleasant symptoms from using a Swipe. Unlike with oral medications, there are no side effects. Plus, the active ingredient is a mild one. But you are not likely to have this problem using wipes. It is easy to over-apply such products, deadening way too much sensation. A lot of topical products for PE take the forms of sprays or creams. Get the benefits of a topical anesthetic, but preserve sensation. Later on, we will share a link to a study with you so you can check it out for yourself. In fact, this product is backed by scientific research. The principle benefit of Roman Swipes is that you can last significantly longer. Treatments are available for sexual health, hair and skin, mental health, and daily health. In fact, Fast Company ranked it as the second of the World’s Most Innovative Companies in 2019.Īs a telehealth website, Roman offers both over-the-counter and prescription health products for men. The company has actually only been in existence since 2017, but this is easy to forget given its quick rise to prominence. It is one of the best-known telehealth services for men. This men’s wellness website is owned by the company Ro, which is based in New York City. There is a good chance you are already familiar with the Roman brand (sometimes stylized “roman”). They do not come with the side effects of medication, and are formulated for “reducing overstimulation without eliminating sensation altogether.” Roman Swipes Quick Facts As over-the-counter-wipes containing 4% benzocaine, they are fast and easy to apply. Some users do not like condoms and topical anesthetics, for example, because they reduce sensation, making sex less pleasurable.Īs for the medications that doctors prescribe for premature ejaculation, they can have side effects such as sleepiness, headache, nausea, and reduced sex drive. The problem with those “solutions” is that many of them introduce other problems. Traditionally, a lot of the treatment options available for premature ejaculation take the form of medications and topical solutions. To start, out let’s explain the concept of Roman Swipes. Roman claims that they can help users to increase their endurance as much as 340%.Ĭan you really expect this kind of performance from Roman Swipes? How do they work, and what are their pros and cons? In this guide, we will answer these questions and more so that you can make an informed decision about whether to give Roman Swipes a try. These simple wipes are available over-the-counter. If you are looking for a product that can help you to prevent premature ejaculation, you may have heard about Roman Swipes. ![]() Nous devons le défendre face aux menaces de privatiser et de subsumer l'éducation dans des accords commerciaux internationaux. We need to defend it in the face of threats to privatize and to subsume education under international trade agreements. to bring (a case, instance, etc.) under a rule. The new post, which would subsume the functions of the General Service (Principal level) post proposed for abolition (see para.Ĭe nouveau poste, qui intégrerait les attributions du poste d'agent des services généraux de 1re classe qu'il est proposé de supprimer (voir par. to consider or include (an idea, term, etc.) as part of a more comprehensive one. Instead of resolving political disputes or recognising national rights, it will reportedly seek to subsume the entire process into a financial negotiation.Īu lieu de résoudre les différends politiques ou de reconnaître les droits nationaux, il chercherait à englober tout le processus dans une négociation financière. To classify or include in a more comprehensive category or under a general principle: 'When late. ![]() Il est admis que des termes généraux peuvent englober un nombre de fonctions. subsumed synonyms, subsumed pronunciation, subsumed translation, English dictionary definition of subsumed. It is acceptable to use broad terms to subsume a number of functions and activities. Or, la notion d'interposition possède en elle la capacité de subsumer l'ensemble de ces techniques. Now, the notion of interposition has the capacity to subsume all these techniques. L'éducation doit subsumer les différenciations sous la catégorie (universelle plurielle) de l'élève. Sinónimos de subsumir en español A-Z subsumir v Verbo incorporar incluir integrar entrar atender cubrir ingresar combinar incorporarse unir absorber insertar financiar introducir satisfacer formar parte hacer frente reflejar abarcar ocultar Ejemplos de uso para subsumir Otra posibilidad sería subsumir el texto del párrafo 27 en el párrafo 25. Education should subsume differentiation under the category (universal/plural) of the pupil. Creeper can appear at night, however, unlike other monsters, Creeper does not burn when exposed to sunlight. Some creatures look special and dangerous only in Minecraft such as Creeper, an explosive creature that sneaks behind the player, and Enderman, a creature with the ability to teleport and pick up blocks freely. In contrast, monsters like spiders, skeletons and zombies spawn at night or in dark places like caves and ravines and are hostile to the player. Mexican salamander, Iron Golem, Snow Golem,… are utility mobs that can help players attack some monsters. out during the day or with eggs that spawn in creative mode. During the course of the game, the player will encounter many creatures called “mobs” including animals, villagers and monsters.Īnimals such as cows, mushroom cows, pigs, chickens, sheep, horses, polar bears, rabbits, dolphins, turtles, squids, and mountain goats that can be hunted to eat or craft items and materials, are born. Time spent in the game is systematized on a day-night cycle, with a full cycle lasting 20 minutes in real-time. The player can travel across: the plains, mountains, forests, caves, crevices, swamps, and different bodies of water. Minecraft world is divided into many different biomes At the start of the game, the player is created on the surface of an unspoiled and virtually limitless world.Players can search and collect material blocks, then find a suitable place to build a building.Players can move freely all over the Minecraft world, blocks can only be placed in a fixed location that you choose.For example: soil, rock, ores, lava, water, wood, ….The world in the game is created for the player mainly 3D cubes located in the map and representing different materials.The game’s default perspective is first-person, but players can choose to play in third-person or in-person perspective. However, Minecraft will still have a default achievement system. It has no specific goals for the player to accomplish, allowing the player to play the way he wants. Minecraft is an open world game where there is a completely open game world. Several spin-off games have also been made including Minecraft: In 2014, Mojang and IP Minecraft partnered and were again acquired by Microsoft for US$2.5 billion. Games have also been adopted in educational settings to teach chemistry, computer-aided design, and computer science. Social media, parody, game adaptations, Minecon products, and conventions every year play a big part in the popularity of the game. It is also very educational for children. The game Minecraft received critical acclaim, won several awards and is considered the best video game of all time. Players can modify the game at will to create new gameplay mechanics, items, and content. Survival mode in which the player needs resources to build the world and maintain health (health bars and food bars)Ĭreative mode allows players to use available resources, it is unlimited and can fly. He can explore and mine raw materials, craft tools and items, and the player can build simple structures and machines.ĭepending on the game mode you choose, players can fight mobs programmed by the supercomputer, as well as cooperate with friends or compete with other players around the world, in the same game. In Minecraft, players will participate in exploring a randomly generated cubic 3D world, with almost limitless terrain. It became the best-selling video game of all time with over 238 million copies sold, and nearly 140 million monthly active players to date. Since its release, Minecraft has been ported to a number of other platforms. ![]() Before its full release in November 2011 with Notch’s resignation and Jens “Jeb” “Bergensten took over the development business. After several initial private betas, the game was first made public in May 2009. The game is developed and published by Mojang Studio. ![]() Minecraft is a sandbox video game created by Markus “Notch” Persson in the Java programming language. Here are the details as well as how to play the game Minecraft. Our team (MC Wiki Team) always tries to synthesize the latest and most important information to help players understand more easily. This is an article about Minecraft Wiki Guide for new players, as well as those who want to learn more about the Minecraft game. High symmetry, to the extent that it is preserved in the assembled complex, provides further imaging advantages through symmetry-averaging protocols. By fusing to a tetrahedral complex, each particle contains 12 copies of the DARPin adaptor the polyvalent nature of the scaffold provides multiple sites of attachment, and therefore multiple independent views of the cargo from a single particle. Through selection experiments on libraries of DAPRins bearing sequence variation in their loops, DARPins can be obtained to bind diverse cargo proteins with high affinity and specificity, and with retention of their structural integrity in the bound state. In this work, a modular adaptor protein, Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPin), was fused to an engineered tetrahedrally symmetric (n=12) protein complex, using a continuous α-helical connection to promote rigidity. designed a new protein scaffold to simultaneously address the key issues of flexibility and modularity that had limited previous studies. To avoid laborious molecular engineering work and provide the most utility, an ideal scaffold would provide a facile route for rigidly attaching diverse cargo molecules for imaging, without extensive re-engineering. These issues point to a further concern for scaffolding approaches in the molecular engineering effort required. Similarly, covalent attachment between proteins by way of chemical linkers generally introduces single-bonds between the components, and this also allows potentially problematic degrees of rotation. Genetically fusing one protein to another generally results in highly flexible arrangements, owing to effectively free rotation about the phi and psi backbone torsion angles at the point of fusion. Even moderate degrees of flexibility can have major confounding effects. If the attachment between cargo and scaffold is completely flexible, then the presence of the scaffold provides little help in narrowing down the position and orientation of the cargo, as required for its image reconstruction. While the idea of attaching a smaller protein to a larger scaffold seems straightforward, serious technical challenges arise, including most notably flexibility. One strategy for circumventing the size limitation in cryo-EM is to attach a smaller imaging target to a larger macromolecular structure known to be amenable to imaging the former can be described as the ‘cargo’ and the latter as the ‘scaffold’. ![]() The inherent challenges and future design efforts are highlighted in this article. ![]() Recent efforts to break through this lower size limit include engineering large scaffolds to rigidly display multiple small proteins for imaging. Although most cellular proteins are less than 50 kDa, so far just a few amenable cases have been solved by cryo-EM. Cryo-EM relies on the accurate assignment of particle location and orientation from intrinsically noisy projection images, a procedure that becomes more challenging for smaller proteins due to their lower signal-to-noise ratios. Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become a popular structural biology tool, enabling many targets such as viruses, large protein complexes, and oligomeric membrane proteins to be resolved to atomic resolution. Development of imaging scaffolds for cryo-electron microscopy |